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}} The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: ''Sacrum Romanum Imperium'', German: ''Heiliges Römisches Reich'') was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.〔(Holy Roman Empire ), Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 15 February 2014.〕 The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it included the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Kingdom of Italy, and numerous other territories.〔James Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire (The MacMillan Company, 1913), (p.183 ).〕〔Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648 (2012), (pp. 17–20 ).〕〔Lonnie R. Johnson, ''Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends'' (1996), Oxford University Press, (p. 23 ).〕 On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as Emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe after more than three centuries. The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899, after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant, Berengar, in 924. The title was revived in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor, fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=aa35 )〕〔Norman Davies, A History of Europe (Oxford, 1996), pp. 316–317.〕〔While Charlemagne and his successors assumed variations of the title ''emperor'', none termed themselves ''Roman emperor'' until Otto II in 983. (Holy Roman Empire ), Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 15 February 2014.〕 Some historians refer to the coronation of Charlemagne as the origin of the empire,〔Bryce, (pp. 2–3 )〕 while others prefer the coronation of Otto I as its beginning.〔Davies, pp.317,1246.〕〔Martin Arbage, "Otto I", in (''Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia'' ), Volume 2 (Routledge, 2004), p. 810: "Otto can be considered the first ruler of the Holy Roman empire, though that term was not used until the twelfth century."〕 Scholars generally concur, however, in relating an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, describing a gradual assumption of the imperial title and role.〔〔 The precise term "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century, but the concept of ''translatio imperii'' was fundamental to the prestige of the emperor, the notion that he held supreme power inherited from the emperors of Rome.〔 The office of Holy Roman Emperor was traditionally elective, although frequently controlled by dynasties. The German prince-electors, the highest ranking noblemen of the empire, usually elected one of their peers as "King of the Romans", and he would later be crowned emperor by the Pope; the tradition of papal coronations was discontinued in the 16th century. The empire never achieved the extent of political unification formed in France, evolving instead into a decentralized, limited elective monarchy composed of hundreds of sub-units, principalities, duchies, counties, Free Imperial Cities, and other domains.〔〔(The Holy Roman Empire ), Heraldica.org.〕 The power of the emperor was limited, and while the various princes, lords, and kings of the empire were vassals and subjects who owed the emperor their allegiance, they also possessed an extent of privileges that gave them ''de facto'' sovereignty within their territories. Emperor Francis II dissolved the empire on 6 August 1806, after its defeat by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz. == Name == In various languages the Holy Roman Empire was known as: (ラテン語:Sacrum Imperium Romanum), (ドイツ語:Heiliges Römisches Reich), (イタリア語:Sacro Romano Impero), (チェコ語:Svatá říše římská), (スロベニア語:Sveto rimsko cesarstvo), (オランダ語:Heilige Roomse Rijk), (フランス語:Saint-Empire romain germanique).〔Joachim Ehlers: ''Natio 1.5 Deutschland und Frankreich'', in: ''Lexikon des Mittelalters'', Bd. 6, Sp. 1037 f.〕 Before 1157, the realm was merely referred to as the Roman Empire.〔Peter Hamish Wilson, ''The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806,'' MacMillan Press 1999, London, p. 2.〕 The term ''sacrum'' ("holy," in the sense of "consecrated") in connection with the medieval Roman Empire was used beginning in 1157, under Frederick I Barbarossa ("Holy Empire") – the term was added to reflect Frederick's ambition to dominate Italy and the Papacy;〔Whaley 2011, p. 17〕 the form "Holy Roman Empire" is attested from 1254 onward.〔Peter Moraw, ''Heiliges Reich'', in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Munich & Zürich: Artemis 1977–1999, vol. 4, col. 2025–2028.〕 In a decree following the 1512 Diet of Cologne, the name was changed to Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ((ドイツ語:Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation), (ラテン語:Imperium Romanum Sacrum Nationis Germanicæ)),〔Peter Hamish Wilson, ''The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806'', MacMillan Press 1999, London, page 2; (The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ) at the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in London website 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=349&HistoryID=aa35>rack=pthc )〕 a form first used in a document in 1474.〔 The new title was adopted partly because the Empire had lost most of its Italian and Burgundian (Kingdom of Arles) territories by the late 15th century,〔Whaley 2011, pp. 19–20〕 but also to emphasize the new importance of the German Imperial Estates in ruling the Empire due to the Imperial Reform.〔Hans K. Schulze: ''Grundstrukturen der Verfassung im Mittelalter'', Bd. 3 (''Kaiser und Reich''). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart () 1998, p. 52–55.〕 However, by the end of the 18th century, the term 'Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation' had fallen out of official use. As Hermann Weisert points out, "Documents were thirty times as likely to omit this 'national' suffix as include it." 〔Hermann Weisert, 'Der Reichstitel bis 1806', Archiv für Diplomatik, Schriftgeschichte, Siegel- und Wappenkunde, 40 (1994), pp. 441–513.〕 In a famous assessment of the name, the French Enlightenment writer Voltaire remarked sardonically: "This agglomeration which was called and which still calls itself the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire."〔Original text: ''Ce corps qui s'appelait et qui s'appelle encore le saint empire romain n'était en aucune manière ni saint, ni romain, ni empire.'' In ''Essai sur l'histoire générale et sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations'', Chapter 70 (1756)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Holy Roman Empire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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